Rechtsnatur, konkrete Voraussetzungen und Legitimität der Beteiligungsform gemäß Art. 25 Abs. 3 lit (d) IStGH-Statut

»Nature, Elements, and Legitimacy of the Participation Form in Crime under Art. 25(3)(d) ICC Statute«

This doctorial thesis analyzes the legal nature of the participation form in crime under Art. 25(3)(d) ICC Statute not only by looking at the legislative history of the provision but also by comparing national laws. Thereafter, this thesis scrutinizes elements of the participation form. Thereby, the thesis aims to delimit the participation form from other forms of participation in crime, especially from »aiding or abetting« under Art. 25(3)(c). Subsequently, the legitimacy of Art. 25(3)(d) is considered in respect of fairness, meaning how a convicted person under the provision should be punished for the punishment to conform with the principle of proportionallity. In conclusion, a modification of the provision is suggested to ensure the conformity of the provision with the fairness of punishment.