Non-State Actors as New Subjects of International Law

Traditionally, the only recognized subjects of public international law have been states and intergovernmental organizations. In light of the gradually changing role of the state as a consequence of the increasing process of globalization, there appears to be a growing tendency to involve non-state actors, such as non-governmental and para-governmental organizations, multinational enterprises, individuals and groups of individuals (e.g. minorities), as participants in the international law-making process. Is public international law, thus, showing a tendency to extend the number of its recognized subjects? Have new subjects of international law emerged, in addition to states and intergovernmental organizations? These questions were addressed during the 1998 International Law Symposium which brought together 26 leading scholars from the United States and Europe. In spite of the many questions that remain open, it is quite evident that the continuing process of globalization has already resulted in important changes to the traditional international order: Until recently, the role of states as the dominant actors within the sphere of public international law had remained unchallenged. This role is now being modified or even decreasing due to the increasing involvement of non-state actors.